Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
3
2
2013
12
01
NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS ON SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE-II
73
83
EN
Sandu
I.
Laboratory of the Scientific Investigation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage,
ARHEOINVEST Interdisciplinary Platform, Alexandru Ioan Cuza Univ. of Iaºi,
Blvd. Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iaºi, Romania
Sandu
A
Laboratorio Hercules, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso,
Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8, 7000-809, Evora, Portugal
10.21608/ejars.2013.7277
The paper is the second note presenting a series of modern aspects regarding the<br />interdisciplinarity of the science for conservation of the cultural heritage, focused on the<br />background of the artifacts in specific contexts, the discovery in the valuing of an<br />archaeological artifact, types of expertise and their role, and the importance of scientific<br />investigation of newly discovered artifacts and finally archaeometric studies by identifying<br />compounds of three typologies of patinas.
Conservation science,Path and backgrounds,Preservation,Restoration,display,Harnessing/Treasuring,Patina,Liesegang effect
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7277.html
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7277_9c46f8042524ceb8eb604b7eb3b73014.pdf
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
3
2
2013
12
01
HONEYCOMB WEATHERING OF SANDSTONE OUTCROPS AT AL-HIJRv(MADA'IN SALIH), SAUDI ARABIA
85
93
EN
Saleh
M.
Assoc. Prof. Heritage Resources Management & Tour Guidance dept., College of Tourism &
Archaeology, King Saud Univ. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
10.21608/ejars.2013.7278
In 2008 UNESCO proclaimed Mada'in Saleh as the first Saudi Arabia's world heritage site<br />because of its rock-cut monumental tombs, with their elaborately ornamented façades, of the<br />Nabataeans kingdom. The tombs sandstone outcrops are suffering from honeycomb<br />weathering, which affected the rock surface. Salt weathering often results in the carving of the<br />rock to give a honeycomb appearance. The initial spacing of the hollows may be resulted<br />from the variations in the rocks properties, and weathering creates a roughening of the<br />outcrops rock-cut tombs surface. The lower parts of the rocks surface are flaking of thin,<br />multiple flakes due to salt weathering and repeat wetting and drying of the rock. To determine<br />the mechanism of honeycomb formation at Al-Hijr archaeological site, sandstone samples<br />have been investigated and analyzed by the following methods: field observations (visual<br />examination), Optical Microscope (OM), Polarized Microscope (PM), Scanning Electron<br />Microscope equipped with (SEM-EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results declared<br />that Al-Hijr sandstones samples have fine to large grained minerals (mono-crystalline and<br />polycrystalline) that different in shape and size. The pore-filling cement is consisting mainly of<br />clay minerals. XRD results revealed that Al-Hijr sandstones mainly composed of Quartz SiO2,<br />Halite NaCl as a salt, Ringwoodite Mg2SO4 and Kaolinite Al2Si2O5 (OH)4. These results<br />represent the correct diagnosis, which will help us to put the suitable strategy of the<br />conservation.
Al-Hijr,Rock-cut tombs,Honeycomb weathering,investigations,Diagnosis
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7278.html
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7278_73bde99af9663be87b9071821a1fd1c3.pdf
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
3
2
2013
12
01
SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION ON PAINT LAYERS OF SABIL-KUTTAB UMM 'ABBAS CEILING, MOHAMMED ALI ERA IN CAIRO, EGYPT: IDENTIFICATION OF UNUSUAL PIGMENT AND MEDIUM
95
105
EN
Abdel-Ghani
M.
Lecturer, Conservation dept., Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt.
Mahmoud
M.
Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), Egypt
10.21608/ejars.2013.7279
A comprehensive study has been undertaken into Sabil-Kuttab Umm 'Abbas ceiling (1867<br />AD/1284 H) in Cairo, Egypt. The study included both organic and inorganic constituents<br />comprising; the pigments, the paint media, the gold layer and the white ground layer. The<br />analytical instruments chosen for the study were Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infra<br />red spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and optical microscopy.<br />The pigments identified were ultramarine blue Na6[Al6Si6O24]Sn, indigo (C16H10N2O2),<br />vermilion (á-HgS), red ochre (Fe2O3+clay+silica), barium white (BaSO4), lead white [2PbCO3.<br />Pb(OH)2] and cobalt yellow (K3[Co(NO2)6]). The chromate mineral, hemihedrite<br />(ZnPb10(CrO4)6(SiO4)2F2), was detected for the first time as an artistic pigment in this study.<br />The paint media revealed were animal glue admixed with linseed oil and mastic resin. The<br />detection of mastic resin as a paint medium in Egyptian paintings is of interest. The white<br />ground layer was found to consist of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O) and calcite<br />(CaCO3) admixed with animal glue.
Sabil,Kuttab,Umm Abbas,Mohammad Ali Era,Raman spectroscopy,FTIR,Hemihedrite,Mastic
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7279.html
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7279_645c8bb50f1ccf18814fd5168086a385.pdf
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
3
2
2013
12
01
GOD NEPRI IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN RELIGION
107
114
EN
Abu-El-Nadar
W.
Lecturer, Guidance dept., High Institute of Tourism and Hotels-Abu-Keer, Alexandria, Egypt.
10.21608/ejars.2013.7280
One of seasonal deities in ancient Egypt was god Nepri, god of grains and germination. This<br />paper aims at highlighting this deity which there was no monograph about him as yet. This will<br />be through some religious texts and representations which are related to this deity. God Nepri<br />played an important role in Egyptian religion, this fact is confirmed by coffin texts, book of the<br />dead and the Imy-dwAt. Npri's role in the, book of the dead in terms of providing the dead with<br />food and it is a limited role comparing to his roles in the coffin texts which were linked to<br />resurrection and life that he grants for the dead.
God Nepri,Religious texts,Coffin Texts,Book of the Dead,imy-wAdt
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7280.html
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7280_ff2e5ce472d541a298daf9c301a17231.pdf
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
3
2
2013
12
01
THE NOTION OF THE "THREE HILL COUNTRY" IN THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
115
130
EN
Elsharnouby
R.
Lecturer, Guidance dept., High Institute of Tourism and Hotels-Abu-Keer, Alexandria, Egypt.
10.21608/ejars.2013.7281
The ancient times witnessed no deserts as the vast deserts were once agricultural territories<br />enriched by water of the heavy rains. By the Pharaonic Periods, the Nile Valley was restricted<br />between two barren plateaus; these deserts were formed of several hilly chains of sands<br />traversed by valleys linking between the Nile and the deserts. These hilly chains were<br />represented on the Egyptian monuments and its accompanying texts by the sign xAst<br />which is the origin of our main concern. The research deals with the significance of the<br />xAst sign such as the deserts, the foreign countries the necropolis; and its various ways of<br />writings in the ancient Egypt Language ,<br />, . Then, the study throws<br />some light on the types of land referred to as xAst such as the mountainous land, the<br />foreign countries surrounding the Egyptian land and the deserts. It also focuses on the names<br />of the geographical divisions determined with the xAst sign dSrt,<br />smyt, Mrw, Nw, Wart, Bw. It deals as well with the<br />names of the Egyptian provinces and regions determined with the Sign<br />xAst such as:<br />Abw Elephantine, imnt the west, xAsww Sakha, sAww<br />Wadi El-Guawassis, TAaw El-Kosseir, swnA Shouna, DAfty<br />Safa, wHAt The Oases, etc
Then the research focuses on the notion of the<br />"three hill country" in the ancient Egyptian texts through the different historical phases<br />indicating the various significances meant by the determinative xAst:- the determinative of<br />the eastern and western mountains, the determinative of the necropolis and the determinative<br />of the foreign countries. It also studies the titles related to the term xAst: either titles<br />related to the foreign countries or the deserts. Finally, the study ends by the scenes and<br />monuments related to the sign xAst, and the gods titles and names related to the xAst<br />sign as the Gods Spd, Ha and Min.
xAst,deserts,foreign countries,hills,old kingdom,Middle Kingdom,New,Kingdom,Land
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7281.html
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7281_b48802fc5cbd8bc00d81e2fe51854890.pdf
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
3
2
2013
12
01
PROTECTION SYMBOLS ON THE TOP OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM STELAE (IN CAIRO MUSEUM)
131
137
EN
El-Toukhy
M.
Assist. Lecturer, Ancient Egyptian dept., Faculty of Archaeology and Tourism Guidance, Miser Univ. for
Science and Technology, 6th October, Egypt.
10.21608/ejars.2013.7282
In ancient Egypt, Stela was decorated with a lunette, which is composed of special elements.<br />These lunettes were both symbols of protection and defense. In Middle Kingdom stelae, one<br />may find many protecting symbols; such as Wadjet-eyes, Jackel, and Winged sun-disk, all of<br />these symbols are represented upon top of stelae in different forms. The research aims to<br />throw light on the different forms of top of stelae decorating symbols of Middle Kingdom<br />especially those located in Cairo Museum.
Stelae,symbols,Wadjet-eyes,Top of Stela,Decoration,Middle Kingdom
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7282.html
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7282_4c5c5e09b10a0c86ddea9a35a83f4602.pdf
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
3
2
2013
12
01
DEFENSIVE FORTIFICATIONS IN BARIS OASIS, EL-KHARGA AT THE END OF THE 13th CENTURY H. (19th CENTURY A.D.): AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL STUDY
139
168
EN
Abo Rehab
M.
Assoc. Prof., Islamic Archaeology dept., Faculty of Arts, Assiute Univ., Egypt.
10.21608/ejars.2013.7283
Numerous archaeological studies have investigated military buildings in different Egyptian<br />cities throughout the Islamic Era as an important type of Islamic buildings. However, these<br />studies have not taken into consideration the military buildings built in the Oasis of Egypt's<br />West Desert, whose architectural history does not receive as much attention by ancient<br />historians and modern researchers as other Egyptian cities such as Cairo and Alexandria or<br />any other Egyptian city. Had it not been for the incidental dispersed references made by some<br />geographers and historians to oases in the Islamic Era such as Al-Masoudi, Ibn Hawqal, Ibn<br />Daqmaq and others, there would have been almost no news about these oases. All these<br />references indicate the isolation of these oases from consecutive ruling authorities in Cairo<br />and their weak position at that time. As a result of this isolation and neglect, the oases were<br />exposed throughout the Islamic Era to a lot of attacks and raids by those who coveted their<br />wealth. They were ruled by Al Abdoun of the barbaric Lowata tribe. They were invaded by the<br />Nubians in the mid (4th century H. /10th century A.D.). They were attacked by Banu Sulaym at<br />the end of the 11th century H. /17th century A.D. After that the Nubians came back and raided<br />them in the early (13th century H. /19th century A.D.) Then, the oases, especially Paris, were<br />attacked by Al-Darawish coming from the Sudan through Darb Al-Arba'in in (1311 H. /1893<br />A.D.). Therefore, during that period, a lot of defensive fortifications were constructed in this<br />oasis, only five tawabi (plural of tabia meaning "fortresses") survived as they were the<br />southern border of El-Kharga Oases and their first defense line against these attacks<br />preventing them from penetrating into the north. This paper provides an accurate architectural<br />documentation of the architecture of these tawabi which have not been investigated by any<br />previous studies and of what remained of their architectural units and elements, especially<br />that there are many factors which led to the deterioration of their architecture. The paper then<br />makes a comparison between their planning and the planning of their contemporary<br />counterparts which were constructed in other Egyptian cities, to highlight the similarities and<br />differences between them on the one hand, and to have thorough knowledge of the design<br />patterns of this kind of military buildings in Egypt at this time of its history on the other hand.
Defensive fortifications,Western Desert Oases,El-Kharga Oases,Baris Oasis,Fortresses,Tawabi
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7283.html
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7283_f4b95c5cf7a889e97d59e771e03a1f9d.pdf