eng
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
2013-12-01
3
2
73
83
10.21608/ejars.2013.7277
7277
NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS ON SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE-II
Sandu I.
1
Sandu A
2
Laboratory of the Scientific Investigation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, ARHEOINVEST Interdisciplinary Platform, Alexandru Ioan Cuza Univ. of Iaºi, Blvd. Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iaºi, Romania
Laboratorio Hercules, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva, 8, 7000-809, Evora, Portugal
The paper is the second note presenting a series of modern aspects regarding theinterdisciplinarity of the science for conservation of the cultural heritage, focused on thebackground of the artifacts in specific contexts, the discovery in the valuing of anarchaeological artifact, types of expertise and their role, and the importance of scientificinvestigation of newly discovered artifacts and finally archaeometric studies by identifyingcompounds of three typologies of patinas.
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7277_9c46f8042524ceb8eb604b7eb3b73014.pdf
Conservation science
Path and backgrounds
Preservation
Restoration
display
Harnessing/Treasuring
Patina
Liesegang effect
eng
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
2013-12-01
3
2
85
93
10.21608/ejars.2013.7278
7278
HONEYCOMB WEATHERING OF SANDSTONE OUTCROPS AT AL-HIJRv(MADA'IN SALIH), SAUDI ARABIA
Saleh M.
1
Assoc. Prof. Heritage Resources Management & Tour Guidance dept., College of Tourism & Archaeology, King Saud Univ. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
In 2008 UNESCO proclaimed Mada'in Saleh as the first Saudi Arabia's world heritage sitebecause of its rock-cut monumental tombs, with their elaborately ornamented façades, of theNabataeans kingdom. The tombs sandstone outcrops are suffering from honeycombweathering, which affected the rock surface. Salt weathering often results in the carving of therock to give a honeycomb appearance. The initial spacing of the hollows may be resultedfrom the variations in the rocks properties, and weathering creates a roughening of theoutcrops rock-cut tombs surface. The lower parts of the rocks surface are flaking of thin,multiple flakes due to salt weathering and repeat wetting and drying of the rock. To determinethe mechanism of honeycomb formation at Al-Hijr archaeological site, sandstone sampleshave been investigated and analyzed by the following methods: field observations (visualexamination), Optical Microscope (OM), Polarized Microscope (PM), Scanning ElectronMicroscope equipped with (SEM-EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results declaredthat Al-Hijr sandstones samples have fine to large grained minerals (mono-crystalline andpolycrystalline) that different in shape and size. The pore-filling cement is consisting mainly ofclay minerals. XRD results revealed that Al-Hijr sandstones mainly composed of Quartz SiO2,Halite NaCl as a salt, Ringwoodite Mg2SO4 and Kaolinite Al2Si2O5 (OH)4. These resultsrepresent the correct diagnosis, which will help us to put the suitable strategy of theconservation.
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7278_73bde99af9663be87b9071821a1fd1c3.pdf
Al-Hijr
Rock-cut tombs
Honeycomb weathering
investigations
Diagnosis
eng
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
2013-12-01
3
2
95
105
10.21608/ejars.2013.7279
7279
SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION ON PAINT LAYERS OF SABIL-KUTTAB UMM 'ABBAS CEILING, MOHAMMED ALI ERA IN CAIRO, EGYPT: IDENTIFICATION OF UNUSUAL PIGMENT AND MEDIUM
Abdel-Ghani M.
1
Mahmoud M.
2
Lecturer, Conservation dept., Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt.
Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), Egypt
A comprehensive study has been undertaken into Sabil-Kuttab Umm 'Abbas ceiling (1867AD/1284 H) in Cairo, Egypt. The study included both organic and inorganic constituentscomprising; the pigments, the paint media, the gold layer and the white ground layer. Theanalytical instruments chosen for the study were Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and optical microscopy.The pigments identified were ultramarine blue Na6[Al6Si6O24]Sn, indigo (C16H10N2O2),vermilion (á-HgS), red ochre (Fe2O3+clay+silica), barium white (BaSO4), lead white [2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2] and cobalt yellow (K3[Co(NO2)6]). The chromate mineral, hemihedrite(ZnPb10(CrO4)6(SiO4)2F2), was detected for the first time as an artistic pigment in this study.The paint media revealed were animal glue admixed with linseed oil and mastic resin. Thedetection of mastic resin as a paint medium in Egyptian paintings is of interest. The whiteground layer was found to consist of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O) and calcite(CaCO3) admixed with animal glue.
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7279_645c8bb50f1ccf18814fd5168086a385.pdf
Sabil
Kuttab
Umm Abbas
Mohammad Ali Era
Raman spectroscopy
FTIR
Hemihedrite
Mastic
eng
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
2013-12-01
3
2
107
114
10.21608/ejars.2013.7280
7280
GOD NEPRI IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN RELIGION
Abu-El-Nadar W.
1
Lecturer, Guidance dept., High Institute of Tourism and Hotels-Abu-Keer, Alexandria, Egypt.
One of seasonal deities in ancient Egypt was god Nepri, god of grains and germination. Thispaper aims at highlighting this deity which there was no monograph about him as yet. This willbe through some religious texts and representations which are related to this deity. God Nepriplayed an important role in Egyptian religion, this fact is confirmed by coffin texts, book of thedead and the Imy-dwAt. Npri's role in the, book of the dead in terms of providing the dead withfood and it is a limited role comparing to his roles in the coffin texts which were linked toresurrection and life that he grants for the dead.
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7280_ff2e5ce472d541a298daf9c301a17231.pdf
God Nepri
Religious texts
Coffin Texts
Book of the Dead
imy-wAdt
eng
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
2013-12-01
3
2
115
130
10.21608/ejars.2013.7281
7281
THE NOTION OF THE "THREE HILL COUNTRY" IN THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Elsharnouby R.
1
Lecturer, Guidance dept., High Institute of Tourism and Hotels-Abu-Keer, Alexandria, Egypt.
The ancient times witnessed no deserts as the vast deserts were once agricultural territoriesenriched by water of the heavy rains. By the Pharaonic Periods, the Nile Valley was restrictedbetween two barren plateaus; these deserts were formed of several hilly chains of sandstraversed by valleys linking between the Nile and the deserts. These hilly chains wererepresented on the Egyptian monuments and its accompanying texts by the sign xAstwhich is the origin of our main concern. The research deals with the significance of thexAst sign such as the deserts, the foreign countries the necropolis; and its various ways ofwritings in the ancient Egypt Language ,, . Then, the study throwssome light on the types of land referred to as xAst such as the mountainous land, theforeign countries surrounding the Egyptian land and the deserts. It also focuses on the namesof the geographical divisions determined with the xAst sign dSrt,smyt, Mrw, Nw, Wart, Bw. It deals as well with thenames of the Egyptian provinces and regions determined with the SignxAst such as:Abw Elephantine, imnt the west, xAsww Sakha, sAwwWadi El-Guawassis, TAaw El-Kosseir, swnA Shouna, DAftySafa, wHAt The Oases, etc
Then the research focuses on the notion of the"three hill country" in the ancient Egyptian texts through the different historical phasesindicating the various significances meant by the determinative xAst:- the determinative ofthe eastern and western mountains, the determinative of the necropolis and the determinativeof the foreign countries. It also studies the titles related to the term xAst: either titlesrelated to the foreign countries or the deserts. Finally, the study ends by the scenes andmonuments related to the sign xAst, and the gods titles and names related to the xAstsign as the Gods Spd, Ha and Min.
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7281_b48802fc5cbd8bc00d81e2fe51854890.pdf
xAst
deserts
foreign countries
hills
old kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New
Kingdom
Land
eng
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
2013-12-01
3
2
131
137
10.21608/ejars.2013.7282
7282
PROTECTION SYMBOLS ON THE TOP OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM STELAE (IN CAIRO MUSEUM)
El-Toukhy M.
1
Assist. Lecturer, Ancient Egyptian dept., Faculty of Archaeology and Tourism Guidance, Miser Univ. for Science and Technology, 6th October, Egypt.
In ancient Egypt, Stela was decorated with a lunette, which is composed of special elements.These lunettes were both symbols of protection and defense. In Middle Kingdom stelae, onemay find many protecting symbols; such as Wadjet-eyes, Jackel, and Winged sun-disk, all ofthese symbols are represented upon top of stelae in different forms. The research aims tothrow light on the different forms of top of stelae decorating symbols of Middle Kingdomespecially those located in Cairo Museum.
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7282_4c5c5e09b10a0c86ddea9a35a83f4602.pdf
Stelae
symbols
Wadjet-eyes
Top of Stela
Decoration
Middle Kingdom
eng
Sohag University Publication Centre
Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies
2090-4932
2090-4940
2013-12-01
3
2
139
168
10.21608/ejars.2013.7283
7283
DEFENSIVE FORTIFICATIONS IN BARIS OASIS, EL-KHARGA AT THE END OF THE 13th CENTURY H. (19th CENTURY A.D.): AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL STUDY
Abo Rehab M.
1
Assoc. Prof., Islamic Archaeology dept., Faculty of Arts, Assiute Univ., Egypt.
Numerous archaeological studies have investigated military buildings in different Egyptiancities throughout the Islamic Era as an important type of Islamic buildings. However, thesestudies have not taken into consideration the military buildings built in the Oasis of Egypt'sWest Desert, whose architectural history does not receive as much attention by ancienthistorians and modern researchers as other Egyptian cities such as Cairo and Alexandria orany other Egyptian city. Had it not been for the incidental dispersed references made by somegeographers and historians to oases in the Islamic Era such as Al-Masoudi, Ibn Hawqal, IbnDaqmaq and others, there would have been almost no news about these oases. All thesereferences indicate the isolation of these oases from consecutive ruling authorities in Cairoand their weak position at that time. As a result of this isolation and neglect, the oases wereexposed throughout the Islamic Era to a lot of attacks and raids by those who coveted theirwealth. They were ruled by Al Abdoun of the barbaric Lowata tribe. They were invaded by theNubians in the mid (4th century H. /10th century A.D.). They were attacked by Banu Sulaym atthe end of the 11th century H. /17th century A.D. After that the Nubians came back and raidedthem in the early (13th century H. /19th century A.D.) Then, the oases, especially Paris, wereattacked by Al-Darawish coming from the Sudan through Darb Al-Arba'in in (1311 H. /1893A.D.). Therefore, during that period, a lot of defensive fortifications were constructed in thisoasis, only five tawabi (plural of tabia meaning "fortresses") survived as they were thesouthern border of El-Kharga Oases and their first defense line against these attackspreventing them from penetrating into the north. This paper provides an accurate architecturaldocumentation of the architecture of these tawabi which have not been investigated by anyprevious studies and of what remained of their architectural units and elements, especiallythat there are many factors which led to the deterioration of their architecture. The paper thenmakes a comparison between their planning and the planning of their contemporarycounterparts which were constructed in other Egyptian cities, to highlight the similarities anddifferences between them on the one hand, and to have thorough knowledge of the designpatterns of this kind of military buildings in Egypt at this time of its history on the other hand.
https://ejars.journals.ekb.eg/article_7283_f4b95c5cf7a889e97d59e771e03a1f9d.pdf
Defensive fortifications
Western Desert Oases
El-Kharga Oases
Baris Oasis
Fortresses
Tawabi